Is there added value from using three serial samples when surveying the occurrence of intestinal parasites in children?

BACKGROUND: Surveys for intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) often involve samples from three sampling dates analysed by various microscopy techniques. However, analysis of three samples per individual is a huge burden on time and resources. We compared the value from analysing three or fewer samples. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, three faecal samples were collected every other day from 332 children from two locations in Guantanamo province, Cuba. Samples were analysed by wet mount with Lugol stain, Willis flotation method and Kato-Katz thick smear. RESULTS: Most parasites were detected by wet mount, although helminth eggs not found by wet smear were detected by the Willis flotation method (in particular) and Kato-Katz smear. Blastocystis spp. was the most commonly detected parasite (about 65%), then Giardia duodenalis and then Entamoeba spp. Although analysis of two stool samples significantly increased occurrence data for Blastocystis, this was not so for the other parasites. For none of the protozoan parasites were results from analysing three samples significantly higher than results from analysing just two samples. CONCLUSIONS: Analysing two faecal samples by wet mount and the Willis flotation method provides useful data for estimating the prevalence of IPIs in relatively high prevalence settings. Analysing further samples provides limited additional information and adds an extra burden in terms of time and resources.

Primoinfección por Toxoplasma gondii en gestantes de Atención Primaria de Salud en La Habana / Primoinfection by Toxoplasma gondii in pregnant women in Primary Health Care in Havana

Introducción: La primoinfección por Toxoplasma gondii adquirida durante el embarazo puede causar manifestaciones clínicas graves en el producto de la gestación, hecho tratable y prevenible. Objetivo: Describir evidencias serológicas de primoinfección por T. gondii en gestantes de Atención Primaria de Salud (APS) en La Habana. Metodología: Se realizó una descripción retrospectiva de resultados serológicos de embarazadas pesquisadas en APS, La Habana, desde 2005 a 2011. Se procesaron 1820 sueros en el Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia de Parasitología del Instituto Pedro Kourí (LNRP-IPK) a través de inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IFI), VIDAS TOXO IgM y Toxo IgG Avidity. A las muestras con títulos de anticuerpos ≥ 1/128 por IFI, se les determinó IgM; si eran positivas, se precisó la avidez de IgG. Resultados: Hubo 1151 (63,2 por ciento) sueros negativos. La mayoría eran gestantes entre 16 y 35 años con un promedio de positividad de 34,1 por ciento, sin diferencias significativas entre los municipios de procedencia. Prevalecieron los títulos de IgG anti-Toxoplasma 1/16-1/64, en gestantes de más de 35 años hubo 120/209 (57,4 por ciento), resultado significativo al compararlo con el grupo menor de 16 años (4/14; 28,5 por ciento). En 58 mujeres aparecieron títulos de IgG ≥ 1/128 (3,1 por ciento), y predominaron las menores de 16 años (2/14; 14,2 por ciento). El 17,2 por ciento de las embarazadas resultó IgG e IgM positivas, aspecto relevante en La Habana Vieja (6,8 por ciento). Se encontraron cifras bajas de avidez en 5/10 (índice < 0,200 IgG), que representó el 0,2 por ciento del total de las gestantes estudiadas. Conclusión: En embarazadas de algunas áreas de salud en La Habana, hubo evidencias de primoinfección por T. gondii(AU)

Introduction: Primoinfection by Toxoplasma gondii acquired during pregnancy can cause severe clinical manifestations in the newborn parameters; it is a treatable and preventable event, though. Objective: To describe serological evidence of primoinfection by T. gondii in pregnant women in Primary Health Care (PHC) in Havana. Methods: A retrospective descriptive study of serological results of pregnant women screened in the PHC, Havana, from 2005 to 2011 was conducted. A total of 1820 sera were processed at the National Reference Laboratory of Parasitology of Pedro Kourí Institute (LNRP-IPK) through indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), VIDAS TOXO IgM and Toxo IgG Avidity. Samples with antibody titers ≥ 1/128 by IFA were tested for IgM; if positive, IgG avidity was determined. Results: 1151 sera (63.2%) yielded negative results. Most were pregnant women between 16 and 35 years of age with an average positivity of 34.1 percent, without significant distinction between municipalities of origin. Anti-Toxoplasma IgG titers prevailed 1/16-1/64. In pregnant women over 35 years of age, titers were 120/209 (57.4 percent), a significant result when compared with the group under 16 years of age (4/14; 28.5 percent). IgG titers ≥ 1/128 (3.1 percent) appeared in 5858 women, and those under 16 years of age predominated (2/14; 14.2 percent). IgG and IgM were positive in 17.2 percent of pregnant women, a relevant aspect in Old Havana (6.8 percent). Low levels of avidity were found in 5/10 (index < 0.200 IgG), which represented 0.2 percent of the total number of pregnant women studied. Conclusion: In pregnant women in some health areas in Havana, primoinfection by T. gondii was confirmed(AU)

Identification of two potential aetiological agents of chronic diarrhoea in an immunocompromised patient in Cuba using conventional and molecular diagnostic techniques.

The aetiology of diarrhoea in a patient in Cuba with HIV was investigated. Although molecular diagnostics are still not used in many under-resourced settings, here traditional methods were supported by use of PCR. This approach enabled detection of a dual infection (Cystoisospora belli and Enterocytozoon bieneusi), the latter of which was not identified by microscopy with Didier's trichromic staining.

A retrospective study of Taenia spp. in Cuban patients: what does molecular analysis tell us?

Taeniosis is a neglected disease, particularly in developing countries, and is caused by infection with the adult tapeworm of either Taenia solium, Taenia saginata, and Taenia asiatica. Of these, T. solium is of primary concern due to the potential for cysticercosis should T. solium eggs be ingested. In Cuba, all cases of taeniosis are assumed to be caused by T. saginata, although some cases of cysticercosis have been documented. It is therefore important to gain further insights regarding the species causing taeniosis in Cuba, especially as diagnostic records indicate an increasing incidence, with the highest number of cases reported in 2020. In this study, we analysed 37 Taenia-positive faecal samples (or proglottids isolated from faecal samples) from the period 2001 until 2020 from all regions of the country. Genomic DNA was extracted from the samples, which had been stored in 10% formalin, using the QIAamp Tissue Kit. Species identification was carried out by duplex real-time PCR targeting the mitochondrial DNA. All cases were found to be T. saginata, and sequence analysis of three isolates confirmed the identification of this species. Our data do not provide any evidence that T. solium currently occurs in Cuba. However, given the relatively low number of samples analysed here, that the parasite may be imported with visitors or travellers who have been in endemic countries, and that taeniosis has relatively mild symptoms and thus infected patients may not seek medical attention, we recommend species determination for all taeniosis cases reported in Cuba.

Frecuencia de infección por cestodos en el Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia de Parasitismo Intestinal-IPK, Cuba, 2010-2018 / Frequency of cestode infection at the Intestinal Parasitic Disease National Reference Laboratory of Pedro Kourí Institute in Cuba, 2010-2018

Introdución: Los cestodos son helmintos parásitos del humano y de animales, con complejos ciclos de vida. En las infecciones por los cestodos no existen programas de desparasitación masiva implementados para disminuir la carga parasitaria de estos a nivel mundial, dada la baja prevalencia que se informa en estudios epidemiológicos. Existen pocos trabajos sobre la epidemiología y la detección de estas infecciones en la literatura internacional. Objetivo: Describir la frecuencia de infección de cestodos y sus características epidemiológicas. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo, realizado entre el 3 de enero de 2010 y 28 de diciembre de 2018. Se analizaron todas las muestras de heces, parásitos adultos y metacestodos enviadas de la red de Salud al Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia de Parasitismo Intestinal-IPK. El universo de estudio estuvo constituido por 9833 muestras, que fueron enviadas mayoritariamente de la provincia La Habana. Resultados: La infección por Inermicapsifer madagascariensis predominó en niños menores de 5 años (69,6 por ciento; IC 95 por ciento: 47,1-86,8). La infección intestinal por Taenia spp. se diagnosticó prinipalmente en pacientes entre 15 y 65 años de edad (88,2 por ciento; IC95 por ciento: 63,6-98,5). De los 47 casos positivos a la infección por cestodos, 24 pertenecieron al sexo femenino (51,1 por ciento; IC95 por ciento: 35,7-66,4) y 23 al sexo masculino (48,9 por ciento; IC95 por ciento: 33,6-64,3). No hubo diferencias significativas entre la infección por Inermicapsifer madagascariensis y Taenia spp. y el sexo de los pacientes (p˃ 0,05). Conclusiones: Aunque la frecuencia de infección de las cestodiosis detectadas es baja, estos resultados pudieran ser útiles para un control integrado de las principales cestodioisis en los diferentes grupos etarios(AU)

Introduction: Cestodes are helminths of complex life cycles which may infect animals and humans. No mass deworming programs are in place to reduce the worldwide parasite load of cestodes, given the low prevalence reported by epidemiological research. Few studies are available in the international literature about the epidemiology and detection of these infections. Objective: Describe the frequency of cestode infection and its epidemiological characteristics. Methods: A retrospective descriptive study was conducted from 3 January 2010 to 28 December 2018. Evaluation was performed of all the samples of fecal matter, adult parasites and metacestodes submitted by the health care network to the Intestinal Parasitic Disease National Reference Laboratory at Pedro Kourí Institute. The study universe was 9 833 samples, mostly received from the province of Havana. Results: Inermicapsifer madagascariensis infection prevailed among children aged under 5 years (69.6 percent; CI 95 percent: 47.1-86.8). Taenia sp. intestinal infection was mainly diagnosed in patients aged 15-65 years (88.2 percent; CI 95 percent: 63.6-98.5). Of the 47 cestode infection positive cases, 24 were female (51.1 percent; CI 95 percent: 35.7-66.4) and 23 were male (48.9 percent; CI 95 percent: 33.6-64.3). No significant differences were found between Inermicapsifer madagascariensis and Taenia sp. infection and the sex of patients (p˃ 0.05). Conclusions: Although the frequency of cestode infection detected is low, these results could be useful for an integrated control of the main cestode infections affecting the different age groups(AU)

Diagnosis of intestinal protozoan infections in patients in Cuba by microscopy and molecular methods: advantages and disadvantages.

Microscopy is the gold standard for diagnosis of intestinal parasitic diseases in many countries, including Cuba, although molecular approaches often have higher sensitivity as well as other advantages. Fecal samples from 133 patients were analyzed by light microscopy and also real-time multiplex qPCR targeting Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., and Entamoeba histolytica, and, separately, Dientamoeba fragilis. Microscopy revealed G. duodenalis occurred most commonly (17 patients), followed by Blastocystis spp. (12 patients). In a few patients, Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar, Cryptosporidium spp., and Cyclospora cayetanensis were identified. Molecular analysis identified 4 more G. duodenalis infections and 2 more Cryptosporidium spp. infections; concordance between microscopy and PCR showed almost perfect agreement for G. duodenalis (κ = 0.88) and substantial agreement for Cryptosporidium (κ = 0.74). PCR indicated that E. dispar, rather than E. histolytica, had been identified by microscopy. Additionally, 16 D. fragilis infections were detected using molecular methods. Although both microscopy and molecular techniques have a place in parasitology diagnostics, for parasites such as D. fragilis, where microscopy can underestimate occurrence, molecular techniques may be preferable, and also essential for distinguishing between morphologically similar microorganisms such as E. histolytica and E. dispar. Although in resource-constrained countries such as Cuba, microscopy is extremely important as a diagnostic tool for intestinal parasites, inclusion of molecular techniques could be invaluable for selected protozoa.

Sporadic cyclosporiasis in symptomatic Cuban patients: Confirmation of positive results from conventional diagnostic methods by molecular assay.

In Cuba, there are few studies on cyclosporiasis. Here, we report results from 1247 stool samples from symptomatic patients that were examined by microscopy methods and positive cases confirmed by nested PCR targeting the 18S rRNA gene, followed by sequencing. Seven positive samples, all diagnosed during May-June, were confirmed by the molecular method, indicating an occurrence in this patient cohort of 0.56%.

Concordance of Giardia duodenalis assemblages determined by different PCR methodologies in three observational studies in Cuba.

Giardia duodenalis is one of the most important intestinal parasites globally, especially in children, and in Cuba is the leading cause of chronic paediatric diarrhoea in this population. G. duodenalis is composed of eight genetic groups (or assemblages), two of which (A and B) are apparently zoonotic, occurring in both humans and other animals. However, consensus on the most appropriate genotyping scheme for optimal characterization of G. duodenalis isolates is lacking. In this article we present the results of three descriptive observational studies conducted in Havana, Cuba between 2010 and 2013, with the aim of comparing the results from molecular (PCR) approaches targeting different genes in order to assign with confidence 224 isolates of G. duodenalis to the correct assemblages. In each sub-study, following DNA isolation by the phenol/chloroform/isoamyl alcohol extraction method, PCR targeting the triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) gene was used for molecular characterization, as well as one additional PCR-method targeting another gene or pair of genes. DNA amplification was obtained in 87%, 83%, and 80% in the three sub-studies. Although excellent agreement (kappa index = 1) was recorded between results from some pairs of genes, for other combinations only moderate or substantial agreement was achieved. These results highlight the importance of interpretation of genotyping data, especially when single genetic markers are used. From the results of our studies, PCR targeting a combination of the tpi gene and the intergenic spacer region of rDNA may be a useful approach for the molecular characterization of G. duodenalis isolates.

Asociación entre blastocistosis y anemia por déficit de hierro en mujeres embarazadas en el municipio La Lisa, La Habana, Cuba / Association between Blastocystosis and Iron Deficiency Anemia in Pregnant Women in La Lisa Municipality, Havana, Cuba

Introducción: Estudios recientes encontraron asociación entre blastocistosis y anemia por déficit de hierro. Uno de ellos demostró que en mujeres embarazadas la infección por Blastocystis spp. es un factor de riesgo para padecerla y puede tener consecuencias adversas tanto para la madre, como para el feto que en casos extremos puede conducir a mortalidad maternofetal. Objetivo: Conocer la prevalencia de blastocistosis en mujeres embarazadas y su posible asociación con la anemia ferropénica. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio parasitológico, clínico y epidemiológico, de tipo descriptivo y de corte transversal, al universo de las gestantes atendidas en tres policlínicos del municipio La Lisa, entre julio 2017 y junio 2018. Resultados: De 135 embarazadas, 43 (31,9 por ciento) estaban infectadas por protozoos parásitos. De estos, Blastocystis spp, fue el más prevalente (28,9 por ciento). Del total de gestantes, 41 padecían de anemia. En la mayoría de estas (85,4 por ciento), la anemia clasificaba como ferropénica. La proporción de embarazadas parasitadas por Blastocystis spp. que padecían este tipo de anemia, en relación con las gestantes que no estaban infectadas por ese protozoo y también padecían de ese tipo de anemia fue significativamente mayor (p lt; 0,05). Conclusiones: Blastocistosis es una parasitosis de prevalencia creciente e insuficientemente conocida. Iniciativas para mejorar conocimientos, percepciones y prácticas en relación con su diagnóstico, tratamiento y control son perentorias a nivel popular y académico. Las estrategias de comunicación que se implementen deben informar sobre las posibles consecuencias clínicas de la infección en relación con la mujer embarazada(AU)

Introduction: Recent studies found an association between blastocystosis and iron deficiency anemia. One of them showed that the infection with Blastocystis spp is a risk factor for in pregnant women to suffer. This infection can have adverse consequences for both the mother and the fetus. In extreme cases it can lead to maternal and fetal mortality. Objective: To know the prevalence of blastocystosis in pregnant women and its possible association with iron deficiency anemia. Methods: A parasitological, clinical and epidemiological study, descriptive and cross-sectional was conducted on the universe of pregnant women treated in three clinics in La Lisa municipality from July 2017 to June 2018. Results: We found 43 (31.9 percent) pregnant women infected by parasitic protozoa out of 135 who were studied. Blastocystis spp, was the most prevalent (28.9 percent). 41 pregnant women suffered from anemia. In most of them (85.4 percent), anemia classified as iron deficiency. The proportion of pregnant women parasitized by Blastocystis spp who suffered from this type of anemia was significantly higher (p lt;0.05) in relation to pregnant women who were not infected by that protozoan and also suffered from that type of anemia. Conclusions: Blastocystosis is a parasitosis of increasing prevalence which is insufficiently known. Initiatives to improve knowledge, perceptions and practices are peremptory to their diagnosis, treatment and control at the general and academic levels. The communication strategies that are implemented should inform about possible clinical consequences of this infection in pregnant woman(AU)

Determinación de biopelículas y betalactamasas de espectro extendido en Vibrio cholerae no-O1, no-O139 aislados de pacientes con diarreas en Cuba / Determination of biofilms and extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in Vibrio cholerae non-O1, non-O139 isolates from patients with diarrhea in Cuba

. Vibrio cholerae no-O1, no-O139 es el tercer grupo de bacterias del género Vibrio que con más frecuencia producen diarreas. Sobrevive en los ambientes acuáticos, utilizando la formación de biopelícula como mecanismo de supervivencia que propicia la transmisión de la enfermedad diarreica. Desde 1977 se caracterizan aislados de V. cholerae con resistencia múltiple, y algunos de los mecanismos involucrados incluyen la producción de β-lactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE). Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo determinar la formación de biopelícula en los aislados cubanos de V. cholerae no-O1, no-O139, causantes de enfermedad diarreica aguda (EDA), y detectar la producción de BLEE en aquellos con resistencia total e intermedia a ampicilina. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, entre enero 2014 y junio 2015. Se estudiaron 55 aislados caracterizados previamente, que formaban parte del cepario del Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia de EDA del Instituto Pedro Kourí. Para la determinación fenotípica de BLEE se estudiaron 43, de los que ya se conocía su susceptibilidad a ampicilina. El 54,5 por ciento de los aislados resultaron positivos a la formación de biopelícula, y predominaron los clasificados como formadores moderados (46,6 por ciento ) y débiles (36,6 por ciento ). De los 34 resistentes a ampicilina, 26,5 por ciento resultaron positivos a la producción de BLEE. En el caso de los nueve aislados con resistencia intermedia a ampicilina, 44,4 por ciento resultaron positivos. Los resultados del presente estudio contribuyen al conocimiento sobre la capacidad que tienen de persistir en el ambiente y permiten profundizar sobre los mecanismos de resistencia a los antimicrobianos(AU)

Vibrio cholerae non-O1, non-O139 is the third bacterium group from the genus Vibrio most commonly causing diarrhea. It survives in aquatic environments, using the formation of biofilm as a survival mechanism facilitating the transmission of diarrheal disease. Multi-drug resistant V. cholerae isolates have been characterized since the year 1977, and some of the mechanisms involved include the production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs). The purpose of the study was to determine the formation of biofilm in Cuban isolates of V. cholerae non-O1, non-O139 causing acute diarrheal disease (ADD), and detect the production of ESBLs in those with total or intermediate resistance to ampicillin. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2014 to June 2015. The study sample was 55 previously characterized isolates obtained from the strain collection at the ADD National Reference Laboratory of Pedro Kourí Institute. For phenotypic determination of ESBLs, 43 were studied which were known to be susceptible to ampicillin. 54.5 percent of the isolates tested positive for biofilm formation, with a predominance of those classified as moderate (46.6 percent) and weak (36.6 percent) biofilm producers. Of the 34 isolates resistant to ampicillin, 26.5 percent were positive for ESBL production. Of the 9 with intermediate ampicillin resistance, 44.4 % were positive. The results of the present study contribute knowledge about their ability to persist in the environment, and provide insight into antimicrobial resistance mechanisms(AU)

Parasitosis ocular por Acanthamoeba / Acanthamoeba parasitic eye infection

RESUMEN El parasitismo es uno de los fenómenos más sorprendentes de los observados en los animales. El número de organismos conocidos de vida parasitaria es muy elevado. Existe una gran cantidad de especies cuya supervivencia está relacionada con la de otras y dependen, en distinta medida, de ellas. Esta dependencia no implica que los animales parásitos sean organismos degenerados o deficientes; al contrario, a la vida parasitaria se ha llegado tras largo tiempo de evolución, en el que los parásitos han ido superando barreras y adaptándose a vivir en, o sobre sus hospedadores. Las queratitis por Acanthamoeba son infrecuentes; pero se describe un aumento a nivel mundial relacionado con el uso creciente de lentes de contacto. El diagnóstico precoz y el tratamiento adecuado deben realizarse para evitar la pérdida de la visión. Se realizó una búsqueda de artículos publicados, con el objetivo de conocer sobre la Acanthamoeba como parásito y su afectación ocular. Se utilizó la plataforma Infomed, específicamente la Biblioteca Virtual de Salud(AU)

ABSTRACT Parasitism is one of the most surprising phenomena among those occurring in animals. The number of known parasitic organisms is very high. There is a large number of species whose survival is related to that of others and depend on them to a greater or lesser degree. Such dependence does not imply that parasitic animals are either degenerate or deficient. On the contrary, parasitic life has been the result of a long process of evolution along which parasites have gradually overcome hurdles and have adapted to live in or on their hosts. Acanthamoeba keratitis is a rare disease, but a worldwide increase has been reported due to the growing use of contact lenses. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are required to prevent sight loss. A search was conducted for published papers with the purpose of learning about Acanthamoeba as a parasite and the related eye conditions. Use was made of the platform Infomed, specifically the Virtual Health Library(AU)

Estrongiloidiasis crónica y uso prolongado de corticoides / Chronic strongyloidiasis and extended use of corticoids

La infección causada por Strongyloides stercoralis puede permanecer asintomática o con síntomas ligeros en humanos por varios años. Sin embargo, algunos individuos inmunodeprimidos, entre ellos los pacientes tratados con esteroides por tiempo prolongado, pueden presentar hiperinfección con altas tasas de mortalidad. El objetivo es reportar por primera vez en Cuba el caso de una paciente con síntomas de estrongiloidiasis crónica asociada al uso de esteroides orales. Se trata de una paciente de 63 años, asmática con síntomas de estrongiloidiasis crónica y riesgo de hiperinfección por el uso de esteroides orales por tiempo prolongado. Se describen las manifestaciones clínicas y los análisis complementarios. Se discuten los factores predisponentes para la adquisición inicial y el desarrollo de la enfermedad. El laboratorio confirmó la presencia de larvas rabditoides de Strongyloides stercoralis en las heces de la paciente. Aunque existen evidencias de casos fatales de pacientes con strongiloidiasis asociada al uso prolongado de esteroides en la literatura internacional, hay escasez de esos reportes en Cuba. Adicionalmente, es probable que el diagnóstico y el tratamiento oportunos, hayan contribuido a evitar complicaciones fatales en esta paciente(AU)

The infection caused by Strongyloides stercoralis may remain asymptomatic or with slight symptoms in humans for decades. However, immunocompromised patients, particulary those receiving long-term steroid therapy, may face hyperinfection resulting in high mortality rates. The objective was to present the first report in Cuba about a patient with chronic strongyloidiasis associated to use of oral steroids. Here is a 63 years-old asthmatic woman, who showed chronic strongyloidiasis symptoms and hyperinfection risk due to the long-term use of oral steroids. The symptoms and physical examination were described as well as various diagnostic tests. Predisposing factors for the onset and development of the disease were discussed. Laboratory diagnosis confirmed the presence of Strongyloides stercoralis rabditoid larvae in the patient's feces. Although there has been evidence of fatal cases with chronic strongyloidiasis associated with long-term use of steroids in the international literature, such reports are rare in Cuba. Additionally, it is likely that timely diagnosis and treatment have contributed to avoid fatal complications in this patient(AU)

Prevalencia de endoparásitos en roedores sinantrópicos (Rodentia: Muridae) en una localidad de La Habana, Cuba / Prevalence of endoparasites in synanthropic rodents (Rodentia: Muridae) in an area of Havana, Cuba

Introducción: los roedores sinantrópicos se encuentran estrechamente vinculados a las condiciones de vida del hombre. Algunos de sus endoparásitos juegan un papel importante en los ciclos de muchas enfermedades parasitarias, por lo que representan un riesgo para la salud pública. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de grupos y especies de endoparásitos en roedores sinantrópicos en una localidad de La Habana. Métodos: el estudio se realizó en la localidad Arroyo Arenas, municipio La Lisa, provincia La Habana, Cuba. En las capturas de roedores, se emplearon trampas de captura viva. Después de realizada la eutanasia y la necropsia, se tomaron muestras fecales de la última porción del intestino grueso y del recto. Las muestras se procesaron mediante diagnóstico coproparasitológico convencional. Resultados: se capturaron un total de 78 roedores identificados como Rattus rattus, Rattus norvegicus y Mus musculus. Se registraron 13 especies de parásitos, las de mayor prevalencia fueron los nematodos Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (33,3 por ciento) y Strongyloides ratti (23,1 por ciento), y el cestodo Hymenolepis diminuta (11,5 por ciento). Conclusiones: se reportan las especies de endoparásitos en los roedores sinantrópicos. Hymenolepis diminuta es la especie de mayor prevalencia entre las especies zoonóticas, lo que demuestra su circulación activa en el ambiente. Los resultados resaltan la importancia de estos roedores como vectores potenciales de las parasitosis intestinales(AU)

Introduction: the synanthropic rodents are closely associated with human living conditions. Some of their endoparasites play an important role in many cycles of parasitic diseases, thus representing a public health risk. Objectives: to determine the prevalence of groups and species of endoparasites in synanthropic rodents in an area of Havana. Methods: the research study was carried out in Arroyo Arenas, La Lisa municipality, Havana province, Cuba. Live traps were used to capture rodents. Stool samples of the last portion of the large intestine and rectum were taken after euthanasia and necropsy. The stool samples were processed by usual parasitological diagnostic techniques. Results: a total of 78 rodents identified as Rattus rattus,Rattus norvegicus and Mus musculus were captured. Thirteen species of endoparasites were recorded, being nematodes Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (33.3 percent) and Strongyloides ratti (23.1 percent), and tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta (11.5 percent) the most prevalent. Conclusions: some species of endoparasites are reported in the synanthropic rodents. Hymenolepis diminuta was found to be the most prevalent among zoonotic species, which shows its active circulation in the environment. This type of research highlights the importance of these rodents as potential vectors for intestinal parasitic infections(AU)

Estrongiloidiasis crónica y uso prolongado de corticoides / Chronic strongyloidiasis and extended use of corticoids

La infección causada por Strongyloides stercoralis puede permanecer asintomática o con síntomas ligeros en humanos por varios años. Sin embargo, algunos individuos inmunodeprimidos, entre ellos los pacientes tratados con esteroides por tiempo prolongado, pueden presentar hiperinfección con altas tasas de mortalidad. El objetivo es reportar por primera vez en Cuba el caso de una paciente con síntomas de estrongiloidiasis crónica asociada al uso de esteroides orales. Se trata de una paciente de 63 años, asmática con síntomas de estrongiloidiasis crónica y riesgo de hiperinfección por el uso de esteroides orales por tiempo prolongado. Se describen las manifestaciones clínicas y los análisis complementarios. Se discuten los factores predisponentes para la adquisición inicial y el desarrollo de la enfermedad. El laboratorio confirmó la presencia de larvas rabditoides de Strongyloides stercoralis en las heces de la paciente. Aunque existen evidencias de casos fatales de pacientes con strongiloidiasis asociada al uso prolongado de esteroides en la literatura internacional, hay escasez de esos reportes en Cuba. Adicionalmente, es probable que el diagnóstico y el tratamiento oportunos, hayan contribuido a evitar complicaciones fatales en esta paciente(AU)

The infection caused by Strongyloides stercoralis may remain asymptomatic or with slight symptoms in humans for decades. However, immunocompromised patients, particulary those receiving long-term steroid therapy, may face hyperinfection resulting in high mortality rates. The objective was to present the first report in Cuba about a patient with chronic strongyloidiasis associated to use of oral steroids. Here is a 63 years-old asthmatic woman, who showed chronic strongyloidiasis symptoms and hyperinfection risk due to the long-term use of oral steroids. The symptoms and physical examination were described as well as various diagnostic tests. Predisposing factors for the onset and development of the disease were discussed. Laboratory diagnosis confirmed the presence of Strongyloides stercoralis rabditoid larvae in the patient's feces. Although there has been evidence of fatal cases with chronic strongyloidiasis associated with long-term use of steroids in the international literature, such reports are rare in Cuba. Additionally, it is likely that timely diagnosis and treatment have contributed to avoid fatal complications in this patient(AU)

Diagnóstico de tripanosomiasis americana en estudiantes de la Escuela Latinoamericana de Medicina / Diagnosis of American Trypanosomiasis in Students of the Latin American School of Medicine

Introducción: los países donde no es endémica la enfermedad de Chagas (EC) enfrentan, entre sus desafíos, la determinación de su prevalencia en personas provenientes de áreas endémicas. Objetivos: determinar la presencia de anticuerpos anti-Trypanosoma cruzi por diferentes métodos serológicos en muestras de suero de estudiantes de la Escuela Latinoamericana de Medicina (ELAM), detectar la presencia del genoma del parásito mediante técnica de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR-kDNA) en el grupo estudiado y evaluar, preliminarmente, los métodos utilizados en el algoritmo de trabajo para el diagnóstico de EC en Cuba. Métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal en estudiantes de la ELAM, entre septiembre y noviembre de 2012, a quienes, debido a la pesquisa del Programa de Control Sanitario Internacional (CSI) del Ministerio de Salud Pública (MINSAP), se les realizaron, a su ingreso a Cuba, estudios serológicos y moleculares para el diagnóstico de EC, mediante cuatro métodos comerciales de diagnóstico serológico, con empleo paralelo de la técnica de PCR-kDNA. Resultados: la seropositividad, mediante métodos serológicos, fue de 6,25 por ciento, detectándose el parásito en cinco estudiantes seropositivos. Se mostró presencia del genoma del parásito (sensibilidad y especificidad diagnósticas: 100 por ciento) para la técnica de PCR-kDNA. La sensibilidad y especificidad diagnósticas de esta, halladas en este estudio preliminar, permiten considerarla una herramienta útil para diagnosticar EC en pacientes en fase crónica indeterminada. Conclusiones: los métodos serológicos y moleculares del algoritmo para corroborar EC utilizados en esta investigación, mostraron validez, seguridad diagnóstica y concordancia suficientes para justificar su uso en cada uno de los niveles de confirmación(AU)

Introduction: countries where Chagas disease is not endemic (CD) confront, among their challenges, the determination of its prevalence in endemic area people. Objectives: determine the presence of anti-Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies by different serological methods in serum samples of students from the Latin American School of Medicine (ELAM), detect the presence of the parasite genome by polymerase chain reaction (PCR-kDNA) in the studied group and evaluate, preliminarily, the methods used in the working algorithm for the diagnosis of Chagas disease in Cuba. Methods: a cross-sectional descriptive study of ELAM students was conducted from September to November 2012. These students underwent serological and molecular studies for the diagnosis of CD, due to the research carried out by the Ministry of Public Health (MINSAP) To Cuba, using four commercial methods of serological diagnosis, with parallel use of the PCR-kDNA technique. Results: seropositivity, using serological methods, was 6.25 percent, and this parasite was detected in five seropositive students. The presence of the parasite genome (diagnostic sensitivity and specificity: 100 percent) was shown for the PCR-kDNA technique. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, found in this preliminary study, allow it to be considered a useful tool to diagnose CD in patients with chronic indeterminate phase. The serological and molecular methods of the algorithm to corroborate CD used in this research showed sufficient validity, diagnostic reliability and concordance to justify its use at each of the confirmation levels(AU)

Morbilidad por Blastocystis spp. en el Hospital Pediátrico Universitario William Soler / Morbidity from Blastocystis spp. at William Soler university pediatric hospital

Introducción: Blastocystis spp. se considera actualmente un posible nuevo patógeno intestinal, y se reconoce su existencia en edad pediátrica.Objetivo: identificar el patrón clínico y epidemiológico de infección por Blastocystis spp.Métodos: estudio descriptivo en 98 pacientes cuyas heces fueron recepcionadas en el Departamento de Parasitología del Hospital Pediátrico William Soler (2008 a 2009), en La Habana.Resultados: Blastocystis spp. se manifestó de forma única en 59,2 por ciento, significativamente superior (p= 0,000) respecto a su presentación en coinfección (26,7 por ciento), principalmente con Giardia lambia (17,3 por ciento) y Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar (11,2 por ciento). En infección solo por Blastocystis spp. (n= 58), la tasa de infección se incrementó de 47,2 por ciento (1 y 4 años), a 83,3 por ciento (13 a 18 años), y en el sexo masculino hubo mayor riesgo de contraer el parásito (razón o cociente de tasas= 0,7). La razón de tasa de Blastocystis spp., según zona de residencia y abasto de agua, fue menor que 1; mientras que, para la tenencia de animales en la casa y el origen del agua para consumo, fue superior a 1. La sintomatología se expresó en 96,6 por ciento, básicamente por dolor abdominal y diarrea.Conclusiones: la infección por Blastocystis spp. de forma única es típica en este estudio de 13 a 18 años, con riesgo incrementado en el sexo masculino, por la tenencia de animales en la casa, consumo de agua sin hervir, zona de residencia urbana y consumo de agua de acueducto. Los principales síntomas corresponden a dolor abdominal y diarrea(AU)